Essay --

Despondency. The inert power that makes a home on the highest point of your back, overloading you totally taking you over like a parasite; you see what it needs you to see, a universe of dark masses doing good for nothing undertakings for a long time. Everything is trite. Nothing energizes you. You are stuck that gets further and more profound as time passes, and over the long haul, the chance of getting away diminishes. You have void emotions, there is no expectation; you are exhausted by every day exercises and endure sleep deprivation or anxiety. The idea of food sickens you. Or then again maybe it’s the main thing you need to comfort yourself. In excess of 20 million residents in the United States experience the ill effects of melancholy; this is the existence they need to anticipate. (â€Å"Depression† n.d.) Society rushes to decide on any sort of inconsistency: style, insight, money related class, and character. What is everybody going to think when you need to skirt your week after week lunch meeting and mani-pedi with your sweethearts for a downturn advising meeting? You need to compromise on all costs to pay for your treatment and it isn’t going unnoticed. A recent report by the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh and the University of South Florida tried to discover answer this: Dopeople judge me for burning through cash on Depression medicines? Two circumstances were made: in Experiment 1, irregular members read a paper composed by an understudy battling with scholarly pressure and school-related issues who might put aside a huge total of cash to pay for sorrow treatment (Hong, Lishner, Gum, and Huss, 2012, p. 878). In Experiment 2, members read another paper composed by a discouraged understudy who quit looking for treatment or got free treatment (Hong et a.l, 2012). Results fo und that members we... ...They additionally found that there was a huge contrast between discouraged undergrads who were truly dynamic and the individuals who were definitely not. Physical action has been known to improve enthusiastic self resembling sadness, nervousness, stress and confidence (Taliaferro, L. J., 2009). Rehearsing physical action in any event three to four times each day decreases the odds of being depressed.Till this day gloom is probably the most noteworthy reason for death in youthful grown-ups (Taliaferro, L. J., 2009). Melancholy is a significant medical problem, and will keep on being so except if we make a move. Rather than feeling that dead power pushing you down get up and have a go at doing some oxygen consuming activities. Battle to feel glad once more. Life is a blessing, never accept that you should remove your life so as to not feel torment and consistently have trust later on. All things considered, we are answerable for ourselves.

In answering all the questions the writer will Essay Example

In responding to all the inquiries the author will Essay Example In responding to all the inquiries the author will Essay In responding to all the inquiries the author will Essay To answer all the requests the creator will put the issues in question, determining and elucidating them while utilizing the legitimate issues to the example situation. The creator later instructs on conceivable risk and rights concerning the people in all the case situations. Case 4 ‘The race dealingss act ( RRA ) 1976andthe sex partiality Acts of the Apostless ( SDA ) 1975and 1986 ( as revised from clasp to cut ) criminal preference in employment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ [ 1 ] .on confirmations of sex, wedding position, shading material, race, nationality of social or national beginnings: , in understandings made for the plan of make up ones disapproving of who ought to be offered the occupation ; or in the footings on which the occupation is offered, ; or by declining or deliberately barring to offer the occupation [ 2 ] . Inappropriate partiality incorporates each period of business including understandings for enrolling, advertizements and some other hurt as gave by theRRA 1976, s 4. InSaunders vCapital of virginia[ 3 ] it was held that a denied individual can guarantee whenever put off on account of the way a meeting is set up, the requests asked and being left off a short rundown. The creator recommends that Alice may asseverate her privileges in the equivalent manner.Brennan V J. H. Dew Hurst ltd[ 4 ] underpins this standard. In light of the above occurrences, Alice might be considered to hold experienced partiality on the balance of her sex at the meeting stage, on account of the requests got some information about driving licenses which by all accounts is lacking echt interest of work as security occupations do non require travel. Partial advertizements are remembered for understandings for enrolling In Jane’s advert falls in this category.Exceptions to these guidelines are ; echt word related creation or request. A business may select a grown-up male to an occupation where male sex is an echt word related creation. For example , designing male clothes. In the event that this could be demonstrated in both Alice’ and Jane situation, the business might be legitimized. InSisley V Britannia security frameworks, - which is like Alice’ , ‘the protection system of sparing of fairness was a decent one and was modestly coincidental to the women’s work that they should take their vesture during leftover portion periods’ [ 5 ] , butS7 ( 4 ) of the 1975act forces an obligation on bosses to take reasonable stairss to abstain from trusting on these exclusions.Etam plc V European mountain ash[ 6 ] . There are two signifiers of partiality orchestrating toSex Discrimination Act 1975 ( SDA ) ss 1 ( 1 ) ( a ) Race Relations Act ; RRA 1976, s 1 ( 1 ); ‘Direct happens when a business or forthcoming boss treats an individual less well than another on confirmations of sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. , as where a business can't, on confirmations of sex or race, to permit a suitably qualified individual a meeting for a job’ [ 7 ] .Coleman V skyrail pelagic ltd[ 8 ] ,Johnson v amble Tailors( Midlands )[ 9 ] . Aberrant favoritismoccurs where a business applies requests to an occupation, however the capacity of certain people to follow in view of sex, marital position or race is well littler and can non be advocated. InPrice v the common help committee[ 10 ] , the business supplication court concluded that the age cantina was roundabout preference against grown-up females.Bohon-mitchell V chamber of lawful instruction[ 11 ] , this guideline was †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.discriminatory in light of the fact that the extent of people groups non from the UK who could follow was well littler than people who could. For backhanded favoritism,s 1 ( 3 ) of EmploymenT Act 1989provides that†¦.the party claiming†¦..no partiality must demo that the interest is legitimate. klenso may trust and would hold to turn out their averment [ 12 ] . The creator is of the position that Klenso has penetrated the commissariats of the sex bias act by in a roundabout way know aparting against both grown-up females, in the understanding period of work. The dress codification required to be worn by Jane is non an echt reasonable ground to know separated as most grown-up females do non have on ties with formal outfits. The advertizement might be illicit, might be condemnable offense, whenever discovered, Klenso would stand up to judges and fines.. In alice’ example, it is non echt interest for a security individual to hold a driver’s permit and apparently there is preference if her insights are correct. On the off chance that klenso is discovered adept for biased practices, they would hold penetrated these legal commissariats which would qualifies both grown-up females for redresss, for example, uncapped pay, proposal and notice. Case 1 A specific presentation is required [ 13 ] to change the articles of affiliation, and to take supervisors. It is passed by a majority of 75% or a greater amount of the individuals qualified for vote and may make so at a regular gathering of which notice of 21days [ 14 ] has been given saying reason to do specific statement, after which a transcript is sent to the recorder [ 15 ] . Moneymen Inc. May look to adjust the articles by following this interest however should bear in head the privileges of minority divide holders in so making. S.5 of the demonstration expresses that holders of 15percent of the gave segments can use for dropping of a difference in the items or articles. The minority investors of klenso still have a whole of 25 % of the rights and may look to arraign them in this mode on the off chance that they do non acknowledge to the specific presentation. They may make so by utilizing to the councils who may cancel this statement or ask the organization to buy out the dissentients. A transcript of the court request must be given to the recorder inside 15 yearss. Area 303 of the organization Law expresses that a director might be evacuated by customary statement before his term of office lapses, despite any stipulation in the articles or any understanding. Specific notification is expected of the reason [ 16 ] ‘ to venture to every part of the statement, which the organization gets, for the most part through its secretary, in any event 28days before the gathering at which it is to be moved. Be that as it may, if after the day of the long stretch of having the notification a gathering is required a day of the month 28days or less after the notification has been given, the notification is viewed in law as appropriately given despite the fact that it is non given inside the clasp required’ [ 17 ] . The organization should so immediate a transcript of the chief ( for this situation, directors ) concerned [ 18 ] . They ( administrators ) are permitted portrayals which might be perused out at the gathering, where notice is late. They may discuss different issues. The announcement must non be perused out where the courts find that these rights are being mishandled. It ought to be noticed that in light of the being of such rights the composed affirmation process previously alluded to is non accessible as a choice to the common revelation required by s 303. The opening can be filled if the administrator is expelled at the gathering gave the specific notification has been given in position of the newly named director. Under s.303 ( 5 ) an administrator may ship out any activity for excusal. Cash grown-up male inc. May look to take the two directors following these stairss or may propose to buy them out using the company’s support. Moneyman may other than be conscious of both directors’ minority shareholder’s rights to look for crossing out of these issues through the councils. The organization secretary is encouraged to ensure the notification are conformed to. Case 5 An agreement is an understanding that the statute may execute between at least two people, with reason to make legitimate dealingss. A legitimate agreement must hold an offer and a confidence [ 19 ] . In our occasion situation, there has been an offer, a cross offer and it is to be chosen whether there has been acknowledgment. An offer is an announcement of a person’s ability to come in into an agreement [ 20 ] , and the councils must be fulfilled that there has been a trustworthiness thus, in any case there is no agreement. Confidence must be unfit and unconditioned. The issue to be settled in this occasion situation is whether there has been acknowledgment since confidence must be conveyed. It is badly characterized whether Klenso has acknowledged the modified agreement in this situation. A counter offer is a dismissal of the first offer and has the result of call offing the first offer. This was the occasion when Oily adjusted the agreement including the new proviso ; it was a counter offer which presently requires Klenso’s belief. ‘InHyde V Wrench[ 21 ] †¦ The suspect did non see himself edge, and the inquirer sued for explicit open introduction, it was held that the petitioner could non execute this ‘acceptance’ in light of the fact that his counter proposal of 950 was an inferred dismissal of the first offer†¦..’ [ 22 ] . InStevenson VMcLean[ 23 ] , the petitioners had acknowledged the proposal before the defendant’s abrogation had been conveyed to them, with the goal that the offer was as yet detached when the inquirers acknowledged it. Trade of footings may go on until a demonstration by either gathering may go confidence of the other’s footings, this standard was established inButler Machine Tool Co. Ltd v Ex-Cell-O corporation[ 24 ] .Klenso’s mark of the agreement could hold been acknowledgment, however for conveying. InFelthouse V Bindley[ 25 ] A confidence is non viable until it is conveyed, quietness is rejection. Klenso’s quietness may non be understood as trustworthiness. InTinn V Hoffman[ 26 ] , the request was ‘is conveying of cross offers an agreement? ’ , yet the council ruled against it. It is as yet open however conceivable to acknowledge that an agreement could come

Essay Topics For 8th Graders

Essay Topics For 8th GradersOne of the hardest things about writing an essay for 8th graders is coming up with good essay topics for 8th graders. It can be difficult to come up with good essays when you have so little experience writing essays of any kind. The good news is that it doesn't have to be a daunting task.There are a number of different ways that you can approach essay topics for 8th graders. I'll give you two of the most popular approaches that you can use. Keep in mind that it's always a good idea to start thinking about your topic before you begin writing.Some people will write their essays on current events, while others prefer to write on cultural and personal themes. For example, you might choose to write about why you like something, or how you view it as an individual. If you know what type of student you are, this can make all the difference in the world.If you are trying to get more creative, you can try writing in a more traditional level. You might try writing a bout your favorite movie, game, song, book, etc. You could also start by thinking about who you would like to see win a contest or the lottery.Whatever level you choose to write at, it's important to keep in mind that you want to come up with essay topics that are fun, interesting, and engaging. So many people give up too soon and end up wasting time writing boring essays that lack meaning.Another way to come up with essay topics for 8th graders is to make sure you spend time reading other students' work. There are many websites where you can go and look at other students' essays. Thisis a great way to get ideas for essay topics for 8th graders, and you can compare notes with other students and use their ideas for your own essay.Finally, another way to come up with great essay topics for 8th graders is to take a class in writing and get a little bit of advice from someone who has already written for other people. You can visit classes that teach skills such as how to research, how t o format, and how to organize information. This is a great way to get tips on writing an essay for a topic that you are unsure of.Regardless of how you approach the topic, you want to make sure that you have enough time to complete your assignment, and that you take your time to really think about what you are writing. Remember, if you don't like the topic, you can always rewrite it later if you have the time.

The Protestant Reformation, Religious Unity, and Calvinism...

Introduction The Protestant Reformation of the Catholic Church devastated the religious unity of Christian Europe, resulting in a great deal of antagonism, which in turn led to the persecutions, denial of civil rights, expulsion, and ultimately the torture and death of many men, women and children. The ongoing conflict was not consigned to one distinct European nation, but was experienced in every European nation that the Catholic Church ruled and reigned. There was no worldview in Europe at that time that allowed for the religious differences of men to coexist peaceably. As quoted by McGrath in his book, French Protestantism to the Present Day. From Britain in the west to Hungary and Poland in the east, thousands of towns and†¦show more content†¦In October of 1534, the Affair of the Placard occurred, what made this event of great importance, was that it was a planned, written Protestant attack on the Catholic doctrine of Mass. These posters, which condemned the practice of Mass, also appeared just about simultaneously in several major cities of France overnight to include Paris, where Calvin lived. Francis I, retaliated harshly and swiftly possibly, because of the recent treaty that he had signed with Spain to end the Thirty Year War. Francis, possible to ensure his loyalty toward the Pope and the treaty arrested and executed the Protestants whom were responsible. Calvin like many other fearing for their safety left France, Calvin choosing to escape to Switzerland. Reforming Christianity When Calvin arrived in Geneva, William Farel saw in Calvin the leader that Geneva needed â€Å"and he urged the young scholar to go no farther but to stay in the city and help establish the work there† (Shelley, 2008, 256) . Calvins patronage from Geneva helped with the growth and development of the French Protestant movement in the 1550s. Calvin trained French Protestant pastors at the Geneva Academy, and helped to smuggle them back into France to establish and develop local congregations. It was also during this time he wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, in 1536, that put into words theShow MoreRelatedThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation took place in the 16th century and was a major European movement whose goal was to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This movement led to people worshipping God as they wanted and no longer relying on the Catholic Church for guidance with re ligious matters. Even though people were doing what they believed, the Protestant Reformation brought many conflicts. Religious disagreements caused bloody conflicts all over Europe. The principal figureRead MoreChap 15: Europe Transformed- Reform and State Building1520 Words   |  7 Pagesarts and letters 4. 16th century- Reformation: religious renaissance 5. Absolutism (absolute monarchy)- most evident during the reign of Louis XVI 6. 17th century - absolute and limited monarchy were the poles of state building 7. What were the main tenets of Lutheranism and Calvinism? How did they differ from each other and from Catholicism? 8. Protestant Reformation- religious movement that divided the western Christian Church into Catholic and Protestant groups 9. The Growth of State Power Read MoreProtestantism Essays1131 Words   |  5 PagesProtestantism originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Protestant doctrine, also known in continental European traditions as Evangelical doctrine, is in opposition to that of Roman Catholicism. It typically holds that Scripture (rather than tradition or ecclesiastic interpretation of Scripture)[1] is the source of revealed truth. Meaning and origin of the term The word Protestant is derived from the Latin protestari [2][3] meaning publicly declare which refers to the letter of protestationRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State1632 Words   |  7 Pageswill be responsible for starting the Protestant Reformation. A major change in how religion is seen and understood around the world. The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious aspects were supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power and control at the expense of the Church. The Reformation ended the unity imposed by medieval Christianity andRead MoreCompare and Contrast Religion during Reformation, Industrial Revolution, and World at War1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe periods during the Reformation, Industrial Revolution, and the World at War all experienced religious and church conflicts. During the Renaissance and Reformation (1330 – 1650), the fundamental practices of the church came under fire. The church at this time was the largest and most political body. The pope, himself, was the most recognizable political figure. It was due to this authority that the church and its pope were more interested in political issues and less with the spiritual needsRead MoreReligion : Wars Of Religion1140 Words   |  5 Pageseducational opportunities, the stability of religious presence, and agricultural necessities. These attributes made religion and politics intertwined with no simple way for leaders to impose one without inflicting the other. This seesaw concept created an environment that was tumultuous and uncertain. Faced with the desire for reform, the radical degree of superstition, and the political greed of the 16 th century, the religious wars of the time were the actions of fearRead MoreReformation Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesReformation In the first half of the sixteenth century Western Europe experienced a wide range of social, artistic, political changes as the result of a conflict within the Catholic church. This conflict is called the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic response to it is called the Counter-Reformation. The Reformation began when Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five theses against the indulgences of the Church. These indulgences included if you did a good dead, this reduced the amountRead MoreHow Do Catholic And Protestant Christianity Differ? Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesBroadly speaking, how do Catholic and Protestant Christianity differ? There are several essential differences between Catholics and Protestants. Although over the years, numerous endeavors have been made to seek a mutual understanding between the two, differences remain and they are just as key today as they were at the commencement of the Reformation. Molloy makes some very clear distinctions (Molloy, p 373 and p 378). Protestants believe every Christian has the right to extensively questionRead MoreThe Influence of the Protestant Reformation984 Words   |  4 PagesMatters concerning religion today were not like they were in the beginning of the sixteenth century. Before Martin Luther posted his 95 thesis starting the Protestant reformation, there was only the religion of Catholicism. The Protestant reformation, brought on by the northern renaissance, gave us diverse religions such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anabaptist, and many others. Although the spread of these new religions pleased the people of the country, the ruling authorities and catholic dignitariesRead MoreUsing material from Item A and elsewhere assess the contribution of religion to social change (18 marks)1000 Words   |  4 Pagesconservative force. Weber argues that religious beliefs contributed to major social change- specifically the emergence of modern capitalism in Northern Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. Modern capitalism differs from capitalism as it is based on systematic, efficient and a rational pursuit of profit and profit for its own sake rather than consumption. Weber calls this the spirit of capitalism. Calvinism is a form of protestant that was formed during the reformation. Weber argues that it is the Calvinist’s

Accounting Theory - 6586 Words

Assignment Task The four largest Australian Banks have faced considerable pressure from the community and the government in recent times. This pressure has arisen due to their interest rate increases in association with their high reported earnings. As accountants, we are responsible for preparing financial statements and â€Å"calculating† the profit figures. In your opinion, do you think the big banks are managing their reported earnings to show lesser profits than what they are actually earning (i.e. using earnings management techniques)? You are required, and must, read and incorporate academic journal articles and other relevant materials to justify your viewpoint. INTRODUCTION Accounting can be broadly defined as the†¦show more content†¦In order to do so, it is necessary to understand and define earnings Management. Definition of Earnings Management Healy and Wahlen (1999) define earnings management as: â€Å"Earnings management occurs when managers use judgement in financial reporting and in structuring transactions to alter financial reports to either mislead some stakeholders about the underlying economic performance of the company or to influence contractual outcomes that depend on reported accounting numbers.† Another definition is given by Fields et al. (2001) who state that: â€Å"Earnings management occurs when managers exercise their discretion over accounting numbers with or without restrictions. Such discretion can be either firm value maximizing or opportunistic†. The above definitions highlight the point that ‘managerial intent’ is a criterion for earnings management (Spohr 2005). Several academic literatures seek to point out the activities which can be considered to be earnings management. However, as the definition of earnings management does not rely on any one item of the income statement, it does not need to be directly connected to reported earnings. Its impact is through accounting numbers and may also be directed at financial ratios as opposed to earnings (Schipper 1989). Dechow and Skinner (2000) have classified earnings management as follows: Reporting Type Accounting choices Within GAAP Conservative Accounting - Overly aggressive recognition of provisions or reserves -Show MoreRelatedPositive Accounting Theory2425 Words   |  10 PagesCompare and contrast normative and positive accounting approaches: Definition of PAT: Watts and Zimmerman (1986) defined Pat as a theory that seeks to explain and predicts particular phenomenon. It is concerned with explaining accounting practice. The three basic hypotheses as outlined by Watts and Zimmerman (1978) underlying PAT are: 1. Bonus plan hypothesis: The bonus plan hypothesis is that managers of firms with bonus plans are more likely to use accounting methods that increase current period reportedRead MoreAccounting Theory And Management Accounting2580 Words   |  11 PagesThough forms of managerial accounting practices can be traced back decades, centuries even, management accounting used to be regarded as a financial tool, advantageous for the financial managers. However, over the past three decades views on management accounting have changed. As Kaplan (1994) states management accounting theory has experienced a revolution in both theory and practice with the development of new innovations. Through advances in information technology, more competitive markets andRead MorePositive Accounting Theory Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesWhittington notes, they are two of the most widely discussed contributors to the accounting literature of the past decade (1989, p. 327). They are also the joint founder-editors of The Journal of Accou nting and Economics, a journal devoted to positive accounting research, which has achieved an international reputation. So their story, while admittedly controversial, has achieved credibility among a significant number of accounting researchers. But what accounts for that credibility? According to WattsRead MoreThe Theory Of Accounting Fraud3500 Words   |  14 PagesA number of cases of fraudulent accounting have been reported over the last fifty years. However, in each case the manner in which the fraud was perpetrated was different In the UK there is no legal definition of fraud (Levi, Information Gathering Working Party and Doig, 1999). Black’s Law Dictionary (1999) defines fraud as â€Å"a knowing misrepresentation of the truth or concealment of a material fact†. When we apply this to the world of accountancy there can be confusion between fraud and ‘creativeRead MoreAccounting Theory- Stakeholders1220 Words   |  5 PagesCurrent Issues in Accounting, South Melbourne: Cengage Learning Freeman RE. 1984. Strategic Management: a Stakeholder Approach. Pitman: Boston, MA Haigh, N., amp; Griffiths, A. (2009). The natural environment as a primary stakeholder: The case of climate change.  Business Strategy and the Environment,  18(6), 347. Retrieved from: http://ezproxy.waikato.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/213770085?accountid=1728 Mitchell RK, Agle BR, Wood DJ. 1997. Toward a theory of stakeholder identificationRead MoreAccounting Theory and Practice Essay2225 Words   |  9 Pagesreached about what perspective theories should be used to explain the Social and Environmental Accounting, and moreover critique voices are from the works of Marx or by the deep-green or feminist literatures (Deegan, 2002), to some extent, systems-oriented theory and Positive Accounting Theory can list some hints. This essay will seek to explain the reasons why firms voluntary disclosure information by referring to Legitimacy theory, Stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and lastly Political CostsRead MoreA Research On Positive Accounting Theory2273 Words   |  10 Pagespositive accounting hypothesis (PAT) estimates that, in flawed markets, accounting decision may be controlled by directors looking to impact reported income and capital structure (Watts and Zimmerman, 1978). Specifically, the positive accounting hypothesis (PAT) contends that accounting decisions are liable to be spurred by components, for example, supervisors extra arranges, the company s obligation/value proportions and the more extensive political impact of outsiders (Watts and Zimmerman, 1978;Read MorePositive vs Normative Accounting Theory Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pageswith planning) TOPIC: Discuss positive accounting theory and contrast it with normative accounting theory. Provide examples where appropriate.       The purpose of this essay is to provide an overview of positive accounting theory (PAT) and highlight how this theory differs to normative accounting theory. Definitions and assumptions of both theories will be considered and examples of the theories will be provided. In addition specific theories related to PAT namely agency and the efficientRead MoreThe Imporance of Accounting Theory to the Field of Accounting1912 Words   |  8 PagesThe Importance of Accounting Theory to the Field Of Accounting The objective of theory is to explain and predict. One of the basic goals of the theory of a particular discipline is to have a well-defined body of knowledge that has been systematically accumulated, organized, and verified well enough to provide a frame of reference for future actions. The Webster’s definition of theory is the systematically organized knowledge, applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances, a systemRead Moreaccounting theory Essay1980 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿3101AFE Accounting Theory and Practice Tutorial Questions for Tutorials 1- 6: Semester 2 2014 TUTORIAL 1 - Semester 2 2014 Deegan Topic 1: Introduction to financial accounting theory QUESTION 1 - Question 1.8: What is the difference between developing a theory by induction and developing a theory by deduction? QUESTION 2 - Question 1.9: Is the study of financial accounting theory a waste of time for accounting students? Explain your answer. QUESTION 3 - Question 1.26: Would you

The Life and Works of William Shakespeare - 2100 Words

William Shakespeare was born the third child and the first son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. It is estimated that he was born on April 22 or 23 of 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon and he died on April 23 of 1616. For that reason it is typically said that his birthday was also on April 23(Lee 8). He married Anne Hathaway and they had three children. William Shakespeare was a man of many talents who wrote numerous pieces in his lifetime. He wrote comedies, histories, tragedies, and romances. Shakespeare also wrote both plays and poems. From 1601-1608, many of Shakespeare’s plays showed â€Å"Jacobean characteristics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ meaning that the â€Å"comedies were few in number and lack joyous affirmation(Bevington 63).† Many of his first pieces showed his background of â€Å"classical reading(Bevington 48).† Robert Greene made an attack on Shakespeare, also being the first allusion to him, in one of his works saying that Shakespeare was â€Å"a Jack-of-all-tra des-actor, playwright, poet, and theatrical handyman in the directing and producing of plays(Bevington 50).† Though this was an attack on Shakespeare, it does show just how many different things that he did in his lifetime. Shakespeare had a style that was all his own. He had similarities in his work to other works of the same time period but still his are different also. Shakespeare is still well known today and even after almost four millennia since his death, his works are still taught in many schools. Shakespeare is best known for his plays.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Life And Work Transcends Time1092 Words   |  5 Pagesof their literary work. During the Elizabethan time period, William Shakespeare began his remarkable career as a playwright changing/impacting blank. William Shakespeare’s life and work transcends time because of their relative relatability. William Shakespeare’s childhood was privileged in some ways. In â€Å"William Shakespeare; Life of Drama,† a documentary produced by by Rod Caird, Shakespeare was christened on April 26th in the year 1564. According to the website â€Å"Shakespeare of Stratford† publishedRead MoreBiography of William Shakespeare1709 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare: Real or Fake? Introduction Who is the real Shakespeare? There are those who insist that William Shakespeare is the author of the many works attributed to him and reports state that there are those who believe some type of conspiracy exists to protect the real name of the author of those works. Claims state that there is no evidence to document William Shakespeare of Stratford as the author and that he did not have the aristocratic background, education, or knowledge to haveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Good And Lasting Legacy822 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare William Shakespeare left a good, lasting legacy that we see almost every day and we don t even know it s there. A legacy is something that you leave behind weather good or bad, Shakespeare s left a legacy of books and being thought as one of the greatest writers in the world. In William’s life he created many pieces of literature and words that people use everywhere today. We may not know a whole lot about William Shakespeare’s life but we can see that he was a veryRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1733 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare is a figure shrouded in mystery. In this paper, the title of â€Å"Shakespeare† will refer to the author of the works currently credited to William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon. Shakespeare is undoubtedly one of the most famous writers of all time. He created masterpieces like Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and several more. For a long period of time, William Shakespeare from Stratford-upon-Avon was c onsidered the author of all the works credited to Shakespeare. For over a centuryRead MoreDelving into the Personality of Shakespeare in â€Å"What Was He Really Like? by Stanley Wells653 Words   |  3 Pagesbiographies written about William Shakespeare attempt to explain his life chronologically from birth to death. These accounts aim to describe his life through discussing his works and accomplishments. The problem with this pattern is that there are only so many ways humans can rewrite the same facts about the same person. Contrary to most papers about Shakespeare, the essay titled â€Å"What Was He Really Like?†, written by Stanley Wells, focuses internally on who Shakespeare was as an ordinary personRead Moreâ€Å"To Be, Or Not To Be: That Is The Question:† (Shakespeare,935 Words   |  4 Pagesthat is the question:† (Shakespeare, Hamlet 3.1.56). This is a famous quote from William Shakespeare’s famous play Hamlet. However, what inspired Shakespeare to write such a play? What inspired Shakespeare to create any of his famous works? These questions can only be answered by looking into Shakespeare’s life and the events that came to pass when he wrote his plays. Therefore William Shakespeare wrote many of his plays derived from inspiration that came from events in his life whether they were tragicRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare Biography Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pageswas Shakespeare Biography? Who was William Shakespeare? Where was he born? Where did he go to school? How did William Shakespeare live his life from the beginning to the ending? William Shakespeare’s life became a great mystery with lack of evidence to support any findings. His schooling, his family and parents will be revealed in my paper. Who were William Shakespeare’s parents? The parents of Mr. Shakespeare were John Shakespeare and Mary Arden Shakespeare. Mary Arden married William ShakespeareRead MoreEssay about William Shakespeares Life in London763 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare spent the later years of his life in London, England. This part of his life deserves to be noted, because of his outstanding accomplishments towards society. A big part of Shakespeare’s accomplishments derive in the city of London. William Shakespeare’s life in London consisted of the lost years, involvements with the Globe Theater, creations of brilliant Early works, articulate writing styles that catch the eye, and controversies about whether Shakespeare was educated enoughRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Life And Life1307 Words   |  6 Pages William Shakespeare s life was very interesting, to say the least about him. â€Å"An English playwright and poet, William Shakespeare is often considered the gre atest dramatist the world has ever known and the most recognized poet in the English language† (Lindaman). From a very young age, William was a very bright kid, who had gained a love for theater. Ever since that love as a kid, it only grew stronger. Not only did he have a love for theater, but also poetry. Throughout Shakespeare’s life familyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare: Analysis of the Famous Playwright Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagesplaywright, William Shakespeare, reveals the struggles he overcame and activities he did during his childhood, as a playwright, his involvement with the Globe theatre after moving to England, and during the time of his death, along with some interesting and concerning facts about him. William Shakespeare lived a normal childhood along with his parents and siblings. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 23, 1564 as the third of eight Shakespeare children. Shakespeare and his siblings

Development and Environmental Economics.

Question: Discuss about the Development and Environmental Economics.. Answer: Introduction: One of the key historical models of economic growth is the model given by Walt Whitman Rostow in the year 1960, who was an American economist and came to be known as the Rostows Stages of Economic Growth (Tangherlini Yea, 2008). This model proposes that the economic growth takes place in five basic stages, which are varied in lengths. These five stages are the traditional society, the preconditions for take-off, the take off, the drive to maturity and the age of high mass consumption (Rostow, 1960). This model became one of the key concepts towards the theory of modernization in the social evolutionism. However, this theory has been criticized for being historical and mechanical (Rist, 2008). In the following parts, this theory has been critically analyzed and its various aspects have been thoroughly elucidated. The model given by Rostow is more of structuralist models pertaining to the economic growth, especially when compared to the backwardness model, which had been formulated by Alexander Gerschenkron, even when these models are not mutually exclusive. It was argued by Rostow that the economic take-off initially should be led by only a handful of individual economic sectors. The comparative advantage thesis, by David Ricardo echoed this belief and the push for economic self-reliance by the Marxist revolutionaries were criticized on the basis that it pushed for the early development of merely one-two sectors in comparison to an equal development of all the sectors (Deji, 2012). The analysis of Rostow of the economic growth has had a mixed reaction. On one hand, the treatment of growth by Rostow has been highly applauded, whilst on the other, this very analysis covered in the piece of economic literature, same has been sternly criticized (Seers, 1963). The historical approach taken by Rostow towards the economic development has been a subject of criticism on various grounds. The first and foremost being, that the traditional society is not requisite for a development. There are a range of countries, for instance Australia, New Zealand, Canada and United States, which had their inception free from the conventional based societies and in addition to this, these nations derived the pre-condition from the United Kingdom, which was an already advanced nation. Hence, it is not necessary that a nation has to pass through the initial stage for its growth (Onyeka, 2015). The pr-conditions are not necessarily required to pave the way for the take-off. The only things which are required to precede the take-off are the accumulation of the SOC (social overhead capital) in transport and the agricultural revolution (Gupta, 2009). The experiences of the majority of nations show that the agricultural development continues to take place even in the take-off stage. The next point of critique is the over-lapping of the diverse phases. Rostow has stated that there are various different stages for economic growth, but these are not mutually exclusive, furthermore, these can easily overlap each other. The features of the initial phases are often found mixed up with the features of the latter phases. A later phase could easily have some residue of an earlier stage. So, the process of splitting up the economic development in different stages or phases is a subject which has serious limitations (Hoen, 2010). There is also a difficulty in dividing the growth process in diverse phases or stages. The majority of the growth economists refrain from agreeing to the probability of a division of history in particular stages of development. They believe that such stages are not inevitable as are death and birth; in addition to this, the stages do not follow a sequential base like that of old age, maturity, adolescent, childhood and infant. It was observed by Professor Meyer regarding this matter that each economy, with a common past, as well as the same future, follows the same course of development, so as to over schematize the multifarious development forces, in addition to giving the sequential stages a commonality which is unnecessary (Brass, 2014). It remains unwarranted that each economy ought to follow the similar development sequence. It is quite possible that a nation would reach the last stages even without having to pass through the initial stages. Hence, the stages can easily be skipp ed over (Sanderson, 2013). The take-off stage has also received its fair-share of criticism. This is the stage which has been most widely discussed for being the controversial stage. As per Professor A.K. Cairncross, this stage has hit the minds of the public in the most impactful manner and has struck most forcibly. This is undoubtedly because of the aeronautical metaphor-prolonged in the phrase into the self-sustained growth, which proposes immediately an effortless, as well as, a conclusive congenial to the modern thought. The economists and the histories have reacted to it in a less favorable manner. These individuals have developed familiarity towards the emphasis on the continuity towards the historical changes, the trace back to an earlier era where the forces produced a social explosion, as well as, towards providing an explanation regarding the perceptible jumps in the economic development (Gupta, 2009). The dates stated for the take-off are doubtful (Fernando, 2011). As per Professor Higgins, the historians of economics were skeptical regarding the take-off dates which were recommended by Rostow. These dates are also varied based on the publication time period. In 1937, the takeoff into self-sustained growth was provided, though in the later publications, it states that it had been given in 1952 (Gupta, 2009). The fact of the matter here is that it would take a number of years for the researchers to make a determination regarding the aptness of the dates, which were by Rostow. Moreover, the possibility of any failure has been clearly avoided. In the views of Habakuk, in the aeronautical concept of growth, Rostow had completely moved passed the crash landings and the bump downs. Also, the analysis of the take-offs blatantly neglects the effects of the historical heritage, the degree of backwardness, the time of entry to the process of contemporary economic growth, in addition to the other relevant factors regarding the features of the initial stages of the contemporary economic growth in the varied nations (Economics Discussion, 2017). There have been critics who have pointed towards the productive investment rate becoming higher, i.e., over 10% of the national income, which is arbitrary. In this regard, Professor A.K. Das Gupta had questioned the sanctity regarding this specific percentage (Gupta, 2009). He stated that with 10% annual saving, it can be expected that an economy would acquire a higher trend in the per capita income, until the rate of population growth, as well as, the capital output ratio becomes peculiarly high. So, any demarcation along with these lines is arbitrary (Persaud, 2017). Also, there is not a single historical date which would validate the sharp rise in the saving income ratio at the starting of industrialization. Professor Rostow had made an emphasis towards the handful of leading sectors, including roads, textile, rail etc (Gale, 2008). Though, the economic growth has not necessarily been continuously administered by the development of the handful of such leading sectors solely. The utility of this idea was questioned by Professor Cairncross, towards helping in understanding the take-off. He has put forward questions regarding the connection amid the initial and the later stages. Along with this, he has questioned regarding the need of the leading sectors to be in the manufacturing. He put forward the question that if the railway building can qualify in this regard then why the retail distribution of agriculture was prohibited (Rostow Baker, 2016). Another criticism relates to the negligible difference between the 1st and the 3rd condition. The last stipulation for the take-off relates to the existence of materialization of a cultural structure which provides an outgoing character to growth (Offiler, 2015). The important stipulation for this relates to the capability to muster up the capital from domestic resources and this is just restatement of the initial stipulation of take-off. In the opinion of Professor Cairncross, even the definition of such terms fails in telling anything regarding the factors which are at work here, as one can construe only their existence from the fact of take-off and the possibility from the established reality of their subsistence can never be deduced. The scholars have also raised the issue regarding the empirical coverage in the analysis of Rostow, of being inadequate, as well as being narrow. The data analyzed by him relates to a number of nations during the past century (Kempchen, 2015). The ma jor statics for the nations have been, till now, highly unreliable. So, any generalization which is based on such a narrow statistical base cannot be held to be very reliable. The concept of self-sustained growth is also a source of criticism, as this is very misleading. As per Professor Kuznets, a growth is not purely self-limiting or self sustaining. The economic growth is a struggle and to call it self-sustained or self-generating at any stage would be both wrong, as well as, misleading. Some scholars have also gone forward to state that Rostow was a false prophet. Any proposal is welcomed in the history of ideas, which could help in understanding the past, as well as, ease up the building of a promising future. The attempts made by Rostow have not succeeded in any direction. This point of view has been put forward by H.J. Habakuk. He has opined that there is no conformity of the experience of the European nations to the pattern of growth presented by Rostow. Even the economic development of the under developed nations do not lend any credit to the pattern of growth given by Rostow. So, the analysis of Rostow is not based on the sound reasonings (Gupta, 2009). Rostow was not successfully in providing a base for separating distinctly one stage of from the other one. It also becomes difficult in ascertaining where and when a specific stage initiates and the other one ends. This is the prima facie case, according to Kuznets, for expecting the overlapping of the preconditions and the take-off stage (Mukherjee Chakrabarti, 2016). As per Professor Meir, the stage of analysis given by Rostow is not applicable over all the nations. In fact, some of the nations may jump some specific stages during the growth process of such stages. There is also an uncertainty in the historical models of economic growth (Wallerstein, Rojas Lemert, 2015). Also, it has not been stated regarding what would happen after the fifth stage of growth, as it is beyond the canvas of growth analysis given by Rostow. Another criticism in this regards is that the stage of drive to maturity is very puzzling (Somashekar, 2007). It contains the features of take-off in form of the rate of net investment being over 10% of the national income, the development of leading institutions, sectors and new production techniques. This begs the question for the requirement for a distinct stage where the procedure of growth becomes totally self-sustainable. In actuality, it can easily be self-sustained at the stage of take-off. As has been earlier stated that it has been observed by Kuznets that none of the growths can be either purely self-limiting or self-sustaining (Gupta, 2009). The categorization of a single growth stage is self sustained by implications and also of others, as it lacks that property and requires substantive evidence, as well as, the analysis, which Rostow has failed in providing. There is no chronological sequence to the stage of high mass consumption. The manner in which the age of high mas s consumption has been defined is such that some of nations, for instance, Canada or Australia, have had entreated this stage, even before they could attain their maturity. As per the critics, the period of mass consumption is merely the same thing, minus the ideological overtone. One more objection which has been raised against the mass consumption is that there has been undue emphasis over the social welfare, consumption and over the national power (Economics Discussion, 2017). There have been critics who have presented the view that this theory is completely a response of the American scholars to the post World War II period context (Ogot, 2005). This model has made it amply clear that the inherent purpose of the Rostows modernization theory is towards the shaping of development of only the emerging nations belonging to the western colonies and descending them towards the capitalist block. Hence, this theory was developed in the context which is specifically suited to only that culture, and is not necessarily appropriate for the others. This very contextual emergence of the modernization theory has been the inception points to all the uncertainties and reservations towards the objectivity of this approach. For instance, the theory has said to be an ethnocentric one. This becomes apparent when the leading proponents, i.e., Eisenstadt, of this theory explain the modernization process as one of societal change towards the western model of development (Hennaya ke, 2006). The Rostow model of variables, in addition to the other theorists of modernization, suggest that the westernization for the non-western nations modernization. So, the ethnocentric interpretation excludes the contributions from the developing worlds thinkers. It can also be stated that this is a model based on one size fits all, and fails on being culture specific (Revise Sociology, 2015). So, theory of modernization given by Rostow presumes that all the nations are initiated with the same base foundations, for instance, the structure, population size, climate, and natural resources. It does make an emphasis on being based on European nations, but deliberately fails to include the growth of the developing nations, which were colonized. An interesting point has been applied in context of a developing nation like South Africa to the theory of Rostow. This point relates to the nation that the economic growth is driven by a larger procedure of absorbing the technologies, the attitudes, government regulations and the policies, which play a crucial role in the economic growth of the heterogeneous society (Hilsenrth, 1993). The modernization theory also makes an assumption that the nations require the assistance of outside forces. This theory believes that the central role is on the money and the experts, which come from outside of the nation or are parachuted in, and this is downgrading the entire role of the initiatives, as well as, the knowledge of the locals. So, it is an approach which is dehumanizing, and demeaning for the local population. It has also been argued that the minds become colonized with the notion of their dependency on the outside forces (Kingsbury, McKay Hunt, 2012). This theory also ignores the crisis of modern time, in the developing, as well as, developed nations. So the issues like drug abuse, health issues, suicide rates and high crime rates have been altogether ignored. There are huge inequalities in a number of developed nations, and with a higher level of inequality, comes the higher degree of problems. There is also the factor of corruption, which prevents assistance of any sort of doing well. Also, the majority of the assistance provided is siphoned away by the government officials, as well as, the corrupt elites, instead of getting to the projects for which they had been earmarked. Hence, the assistance can said to create more inequality and it also makes possible for the elites to maintain their power (Revise Sociology, 2015). There is also the limitation of ecological basis towards any growth. So a number of modernization projects, for instance forestry or mining, lead to the degradation and devastation of environment. There is also the social damage caused due to this. Some of the development projects, for instance, of dams, have resulted in the removal of the local population in a forcible manner from their very own homelands, with no or negligible payment of compensation. It has also been argued by some of the Marxist theorists that the assistance, as well as, the development has not at all helped in the development of the world. In reality, it is about changing the society, in just enough manner, so as to make the exploitation of them easier, in a way to make the western nations, as well as, the western companies richer, by introducing them to exploit both the cheap labor, in addition to the cheap natural resources. It has been thoroughly noted by Joseph Stiglitz that the nations which ignored the wes tern advice and followed the alternative models of development, now have the capability of competing with the west and the prime example of this are India and China (Revise Sociology, 2015). To sum up the entire discussion, the theory of modernization put forward by Rostow has been thoroughly applauded and even been stated as the most influential models in the economic growth. However, at the same time, it has been criticized on a number of grounds, whether for being too mechanical or historical or being based on European and American history and ignoring the developing nations in process. The above parts covered the detailed criticism of each and every stage of this model and highlighted conclusively, the shortfalls of this theory. References Brass, T. (2014). Class, Culture and the Agrarian Myth. Boston: BRILL. Deji, O.F. (2012). Gender and Rural Development: Advanced studies. Berlin: LIT Verlag Mnster. Economics Discussion. (2017). Rostows Stage of Economic Growth (Criticism). Retrieved from: https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/economic-growth/rostows-stage-of-economic-growth-criticism/4574 Fernando, A.C. (2011). Business Environment. Chennai: Pearson. Gale, T. (2008). Stages of Economic Growth. Retrieved from: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/stages-economic-growth Gupta, K.R. (2009). Economics of Development and Planning, Volume 1I (4th ed.). New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. Hennayake, N. (2006). Culture, Politics, and Development in Postcolonial Sri Lanka. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Lexington Books. Hilsenrath, P.E (1993) Stages of growth revisited. Development Southern Africa, 10(1), 101-110. Doi: 10.1080/03768359308439670 Hoen, H.H. (2010). Dovetailing economics and political science. The Netherlands: Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. Kempchen, L. (2015). Traditional motives for development cooperation. An evaluation of Chinese development politics. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. Kingsbury, D., McKay, J., Hunt, J. (2012). International Development: Issues and Challenges (2nd ed.). New Yoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Mukherjee, A., Chakrabarti, S. (2016). Development Economics: A Critical Perspective. Delhi: PHI Learning. Offiler, B. (2015). US Foreign Policy and the Modernization of Iran: Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon and the Shah. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Ogot, B.A. (2005). History as Destiny and History as Knowledge:Being Reflections on the Problems of Historicity and Historiography. Kenya: Anyange Press. Onyeka, O. (2015). Critical Analysis of Rostow's Model of Development. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/11317934/Critical_Analysis_of_Rostows_Model_of_Development Persaud, M. (2017). Who was Walt Whitman Rostow?. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/8115922/PART_A_Explain_the_main_concepts_of_Rostows_Stages_of_Growth Revise Sociology. (2015). Modernisation Theory (Development and Underdevelopment). Retrieved from: https://revisesociology.com/2015/09/27/modernisation-theory-development-and-underdevelopment/ Rist, G. (2008). History of Development (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Academic Foundation. Rostow, W. W. (1960). The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press. Rostow, W., Baker, R. (2016). The Economics of Take-Off into Sustained Growth. Berlin: Springer. Sanderson, S.K. (2013). Sociological Worlds: Comparative and Historical Readings on Society. London: Routledge. Seers, D. (1963). The Limitations of the Special Case. In Meier, G.M. (ed.) Leading Issues in Economic Development (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Somashekar, N.T. (2007). Development and Environmental Economics. Guwahati: New Age International. Tangherlini, T.R., Yea, S. (2008). Sitings: Critical Approaches to Korean Geography. USA: University of Hawaii Press. Wallerstein, I., Carlos Aguirre Rojas, C.A., Lemert, C.C. (2015). Uncertain Worlds: World-systems Analysis in Changing Times. Oxon: Routledge.